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The massive increase of data traffic, the widespread proliferation ofwireless applications and the full-scale deployment of 5G and the IoT, imply asteep increase in cellular networks energy use, resulting in a significantcarbon footprint. This paper presents a comprehensive model to show theinteraction between the networking and energy features of the problem and studythe economical and technical viability of green networking. Solar equipment,cell zooming, energy management and dynamic user allocation are considered inthe upgrading network planning process. We propose a mixed-integer optimizationmodel to minimize long-term capital costs and operational energy expendituresin a heterogeneous on-grid cellular network with different types of basestation, including solar. Based on eight scenarios where realistic costs ofsolar panels, batteries, and inverters were considered, we first found thatsolar base stations are currently not economically interesting for cellularoperators. We next studied the impact of a significant and progressive carbontax on reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). We found that, at currentenergy and equipment prices, a carbon tax ten-fold the current value is theonly element that could make green base stations economically viable.

On the economic viability of solar energy when upgrading cellular networks