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As smart buildings move towards open communication technologies, providingaccess to the Building Automation System (BAS) through the intranet, or evenremotely through the Internet, has become a common practice. However, BAS washistorically developed as a closed environment and designed with limitedcyber-security considerations. Thus, smart buildings are vulnerable tocyber-attacks with the increased accessibility. This study introduces thedevelopment and capability of a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testbed for testingand evaluating the cyber-physical security of typical BASs in smart buildings.The testbed consists of three subsystems: (1) a real-time HIL emulatorsimulating the behavior of a virtual building as well as the Heating,Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment via a dynamic simulation inModelica; (2) a set of real HVAC controllers monitoring the virtual buildingoperation and providing local control signals to control HVAC equipment in theHIL emulator; and (3) a BAS server along with a web-based service for users tofully access the schedule, setpoints, trends, alarms, and other controlfunctions of the HVAC controllers remotely through the BACnet network. Theserver generates rule-based setpoints to local HVAC controllers. Based on thesethree subsystems, the HIL testbed supports attack/fault-free andattack/fault-injection experiments at various levels of the building system.The resulting test data can be used to inform the building community andsupport the cyber-physical security technology transfer to the buildingindustry.

Development of a hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) testbed for cyber-physical security in smart buildings