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Massive river interlinking projects are proposed to offset observedincreasing trends of extremes, such as droughts and floods in India, the secondhighest populated country.These river interlinking projects involve watertransfer from surplus to deficit river basins through reservoirs and canals,but without an in-depth understanding of the hydro-meteorological consequences.Using information theory-based causal delineation techniques, a coupledregional climate model, and multiple reanalysis datasets, we show that causalpathways exist across different basins in India due to strong land-atmospherefeedback, which disputes the generally practiced assumption of hydrologicalindependence between river basins. The causal information from one basin's landcrosses the basin boundary through the atmosphere. We further find thatincreased irrigation from the transferred water reduces mean rainfall inSeptember by up to 12% in many parts of India most of which are already waterstressed.We observe more drying in La Nina years as compared to El Nino years.Reduced September precipitation can lead to drying of rivers post monsoonaugmenting the water stress across country rendering interlinkingdysfunctional. These findings demand model-guided impact assessment studies oflarge scale hydrological projects across the globe considering land-atmosphereinteractions.

River interlinking alters land-atmosphere feedback and changes the Indian summer monsoon