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Cytasters have been underestimated in terms of their potential relevance toembryonic development and evolution. From the perspective discussed herein,structures such as the multiciliated cells of comb rows and balancerssupporting mineralized statoliths and macrocilia in Beroe ovata point to a pastevent of multiflagellate fusion in the origin of metazoans. These structures,which are unique in evolutionary history, indicate that early animals handledbasal bodies and their duplication in a manner consistent with a "developmentalprogram" originated in the Ctenophora. Furthermore, the fact that centrosomeamplification leads to spontaneous tumorigenesis suggests that the centrosomeregulation process was co-opted into a neoplastic functional module.Multicilia, cilia, and flagella are deeply rooted in the evolution of animalsand Neoplasia. The fusion of several flagellated microgametes into a cell witha subsequent phase of zygotic (haplontic) meiosis might have been at the originof both animal evolution and the neoplastic process. In the Ediacaran ocean, wealso encounter evolutionary links between the Warburg effect and Neoplasia.

The Neoplasia as embryological phenomenon and its implication in the  animal evolution and the origin of cancer. III. The role of flagellated cell  fusion in the formation of the first animal and evolutionary clues to the  Warburg effect