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Massive multiple-input multiple-output (M-MIMO) architecture is the workhorseof modern communication systems. Currently, two fundamental bottlenecks,namely, power consumption and receiver saturation, limit the full potentialachievement of this technology. These bottlenecks are intricately linked withthe analog-to-digital converter (ADC) used in each radio frequency (RF) chain.The power consumption in MIMO systems grows exponentially with the ADC's bitbudget while ADC saturation causes permanent loss of information. Thismotivates the need for a solution that can simultaneously tackle theabove-mentioned bottlenecks while offering advantages over existingalternatives such as low-resolution ADCs. Taking a radically different approachto this problem, we propose $\lambda$-MIMO architecture which uses modulo ADCs($M_\lambda$-ADC) instead of a conventional ADC. Our work is inspired by theUnlimited Sampling Framework. $M_\lambda$-ADC in the RF chain folds highdynamic range signals into low dynamic range modulo samples, thus alleviatingthe ADC saturation problem. At the same time, digitization of modulo signalresults in high resolution quantization. In the novel $\lambda$-MIMO context,we discuss baseband signal reconstruction, detection and uplink achievablesum-rate performance. The key takeaways of our work include, (a) leveraginghigher signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR), (b) detection and averageuplink sum-rate performances comparable to a conventional, infinite-resolutionADC when using a $1$-$2$ bit $M_\lambda$-ADC. This enables higher ordermodulation schemes e.g. $1024$ QAM that seemed previously impossible, (c)superior trade-off between energy efficiency and bit budget, thus resulting inhigher power efficiency. Numerical simulations and modulo ADC based hardwareexperiments corroborate our theory and reinforce the clear benefits of$\lambda$-MIMO approach.

$\lambda$-MIMO: Massive MIMO via Modulo Sampling