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Using three-dimensional representation of confluent cell layers, we map theamorphous solid to fluid phase transition in active cell layers onto thetwo-dimensional (2D) site percolation universality class. Importantly, we unifytwo distinct, predominant, pathways associated with this transition; namely (i)cell-cell adhesion and (ii) active traction forces. For each pathway, weindependently vary the corresponding control parameter and focus on theemergent mechanical stress patterns as the monolayer transitions from a glassy-to a fluid-like state. Through finite-size scaling analyses, our results leadus to establish the glassy- to fluid-like transition as a critical phenomena interms of stress development in the cell layer and show that the associatedcriticality belongs to the 2D site percolation universality class. Our findingsoffer a fresh perspective on solid (glass-like) to fluid phase transition inactive cell layers and can bridge our understanding of glassy behaviors inactive matter with potential implications in biological processes such as woundhealing, development, and cancer progression.

Stress percolation criticality of glass to fluid transition in active cell layers