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The recently proposed extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) beams with time-varyingorbital angular momentum (OAM) realized by high-harmonic generation (HHG)provides extraordinary tools for quantum excitation control and particlemanipulation. However, such an approach is not easily scalable to otherfrequency regimes. Here, we design a space-time-coding digital metasurfaceoperating in microwave frequencies to experimentally generate different modesof time-varying OAM. We also introduce a concept of superhelicity oftime-varying OAM with a higher-order twist of the wavefront structure, whichcan be further realized by reflection phase profiles nonlinear in time throughthe metasurface. By developing a two-probe measurement technique, wedynamically map the OAM field pattern varying in time. The proposedsuperhelical time-varying OAM beam paves a way for particle manipulations andOAM multiplexing communications.

Generation of superhelical time-varying OAM beam with space-time-coding digital metasurface