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We report the electrochemical investigation of 5% Al doped MoS$_2$@rGOcomposite as a high-performance anode for sodium (Na)-ion batteries. The x-raydiffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electronmicroscopy characterizations reveal that the Al doping increase the interlayerspacing of (002) plane of MoS$_2$ nanosheets and form a stable 1T phase. Thegalvanostatic charge-discharge measurements show the specific capacity stablearound 450, 400, 350, 300 and 200 mAhg$^{-1}$ at current densities of 0.05,0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1~Ag$^{-1}$, respectively. Also, we observe the capacityretentions of 86% and 66% at 0.1 and 0.3 Ag$^{-1}$, respectively, over 200cycles with a consistent Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. The cyclicvoltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, andelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to find the kinetic behaviorand the obtained value of diffusion coefficient falls in the range of10$^{-10}$ to 10$^{-12}$ cm$^2$s$^{-1}$. Intriguingly, the in-situ EIS alsoexplains the electrochemical kinetics of the electrode at differentcharge-discharge states with the variation of charge transfer resistance.Moreover, the post cycling investigation using ex-situ XRD and photoemissionspectroscopy indicate the coexistence of 1T/2H phase and field-emissionscanning electron microscopy confirm the stable morphology after 500 cycles.Also, the Na-ion transport properties are calculated for 1T Al--MoS$_2$@rGOinterface and Al--MoS$_2$--MoS$_2$ interlayer host structure by theoreticalcalculations using density functional theory.

Diffusion mechanism and electrochemical investigation of 1T phase  Al-MoS$_{2}$@rGO nano-composite as a high-performance anode for sodium-ion  batteries