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A Negative Pressure Room (NPR) is an essential requirement by the Bio-SafetyLevels (BSLs) in biolabs or infectious-control hospitals to prevent deadlypathogens from being leaked from the facility. An NPR maintains a negativepressure inside with respect to the outside reference space so that microbesare contained inside of an NPR. Nowadays, differential pressure sensors (DPSs)are utilized by the Building Management Systems (BMSs) to control and monitorthe negative pressure in an NPR. This paper demonstrates a non-invasive andstealthy attack on NPRs by spoofing a DPS at its resonant frequency. Ourcontributions are: (1) We show that DPSs used in NPRs typically have resonantfrequencies in the audible range. (2) We use this finding to design maliciousmusic to create resonance in DPSs, resulting in an overshooting in the DPS'snormal pressure readings. (3) We show how the resonance in DPSs can fool theBMSs so that the NPR turns its negative pressure to a positive one, causing apotential \textit{leak} of deadly microbes from NPRs. We do experiments on 8DPSs from 5 different manufacturers to evaluate their resonant frequenciesconsidering the sampling tube length and find resonance in 6 DPSs. We canachieve a 2.5 Pa change in negative pressure from a $\sim$7 cm distance when asampling tube is not present and from a $\sim$2.5 cm distance for a 1 msampling tube length. We also introduce an interval-time variation approach foran adversarial control over the negative pressure and show that the\textit{forged} pressure can be varied within 12 - 33 Pa. Our attack is alsocapable of attacking multiple NPRs simultaneously. Moreover, we demonstrate ourattack at a real-world NPR located in an anonymous bioresearch facility, whichis FDA approved and follows CDC guidelines. We also provide countermeasures toprevent the attack.

A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Spreading Deadly Pathogens Under the Disguise of Popular Music