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This paper studies optimal thermal management and charging of a batteryelectric vehicle driving over long distance trips. The focus is on thepotential benefits of including a heat pump in the thermal management systemfor waste heat recovery, and charging point planning, in a way to achieveoptimality in time, energy, or their trade-off. An optimal control problem isformulated, in which the objective function includes the energy delivered bythe charger(s), and the total charging time including the actual charging timeand the detour time to and from the charging stop. To reduce the computationalcomplexity, the formulated problem is then transformed into a hybrid dynamicalsystem, where charging dynamics are modelled in the domain of normalizedcharging time. Driving dynamics can be modelled in either of the trip time ortravel distance domains, as the vehicle speed is assumed to be known a priori,and the vehicle is only stopping at charging locations. Within the hybriddynamical system, a binary variable is introduced for each charging location,in order to decide to use or skip a charger. This problem is solvednumerically, and simulations are performed to evaluate the performance in termsof energy efficiency and time. The simulation results indicate that the timerequired for charging and total energy consumption are reduced up to 30.6% and19.4%, respectively, by applying the proposed algorithm.

Optimal Thermal Management and Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles over Long Trips