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Strongly-coupled gauge theories far from equilibrium may exhibit uniquefeatures that could illuminate the physics of the early universe and of hadronand ion colliders. Studying real-time phenomena has proven challenging withclassical-simulation methods, but is a natural application of quantumsimulation. To demonstrate this prospect, we quantum compute non-equal timecorrelation functions and perform entanglement tomography of non-equilibriumstates of a simple lattice gauge theory, the Schwinger model, using atrapped-ion quantum computer by IonQ Inc. As an ideal target for near-termdevices, a recently-predicted [Zache et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 050403(2019)] dynamical quantum phase transition in this model is studied bypreparing, quenching, and tracking the subsequent non-equilibrium dynamics inthree ways: i) overlap echos signaling dynamical transitions, ii) non-equaltime correlation functions with an underlying topological nature, and iii) theentanglement structure of non-equilibrium states, including entanglementHamiltonians. These results constitute the first observation of a dynamicalquantum phase transition in a lattice gauge theory on a quantum computer, andare a first step toward investigating topological phenomena in nuclear andhigh-energy physics using quantum technologies.

Quantum computation of dynamical quantum phase transitions and entanglement tomography in a lattice gauge theory