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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-to-ground (U2G) channel models play a pivotalrole for reliable communications between UAV and ground terminal. This paperproposes a three-dimensional (3D) non-stationary hybrid model including bothlarge-scale and small-scale fading for U2G multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO) channels. Distinctive channel characteristics under U2G scenarios, i.e.,3D trajectory and posture of UAV, fuselage scattering effect (FSE), and posturevariation fading (PVF), are incorporated into the proposed model. The channelparameters, i.e., path loss (PL), shadow fading (SF), path delay, and pathangle, are generated incorporating machine learning (ML) and ray tracing (RT)techniques to capture the structure-related characteristics. In order toguarantee the physical continuity of channel parameters such as Doppler phaseand path power, the time evolution methods of inter- and intra- stationaryintervals are proposed. Key statistical properties , i.e., temporalautocorrection function (ACF), power delay profile (PDP), level crossing rate(LCR), average fading duration (AFD), and stationary interval (SI) are given,and the impact of the change of fuselage and posture variation is analyzed. Itis demonstrated that both posture variation and fuselage scattering havecrucial effects on channel characteristics. The validity and practicability ofthe proposed model are verified by comparing the simulation results with themeasured ones.

Channel Modeling for UAV-to-Ground Communications with Posture Variation and Fuselage Scattering Effect