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Surface strain often controls properties of the material including chargetransport and chemical reactivity. Localized surface strain is measured withatomic resolution on (111) ceria nanoparticle surfaces using environmentaltransmission electron microscopy under different redox conditions. DensityFunctional Theory (DFT) coupled with TEM image simulations have been used foraid in interpreting the experimental data. Oxygen vacancy creation/annihilationintroduces strain at surface and near surface regions on cation sublattice.Static and fluxional strainmaps are generated from images at these differentconditions and compared. While fluxional strain is highest at locationsassociated with unstable vacancies at active sites, highly inhomogeneous staticstrain fields comprising of alternating tensile/compressing strain is seen atsurface and subsurfaces linked to the presence of stable oxygen vacancies.Interestingly, both stable and unstable oxygen vacancies are found within a fewatomic spacing of each other on the same surface. The static strain patterndepends on the ambient inside TEM. Oxidizing environments tend to lower vacancyconcentrations at the surface whereas a highly reducing environment createdusing high electron dose creates oxygen vacancies everywhere (bulk andsurfaces) in the nanoparticle.

Atomic Level Strain Induced by Static and Dynamic Oxygen Vacancies on Reducible Oxide Surfaces