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Polarization is a fundamental degree of freedom for light and is widelyleveraged in free space and fiber optics. Non-reciprocal polarization rotation,enabled via the magneto-optic Faraday effect, has been essentially unbeatablefor broadband isolators and circulators. For integrated photonics foundries,however, there is still no good path to producing low-loss magneto-opticcomponents, which has prompted a search for alternatives that do not usepolarization rotation. Moreover, magneto-optic materials tend to be highlylossy, and while large (10-100 rad/cm) polarization rotation can be achieved,the key figure of merit (rotation-per-loss) is typically < 1 rad/dB. Here, wedemonstrate that broadband non-reciprocal polarization rotation can be producedusing electro-optics in nanophotonic devices. Our demonstration leverageselectro-optic inter-polarization scattering around 780 nm in lithium niobate,in which the reciprocity is broken with the help of a radiofrequency stimulusthat carries synthetic momentum. While the demonstrated electro-opticpolarization rotation rate is approximately 1 rad/cm, the exceptionally lowloss of lithium niobate enables non-reciprocal polarization rotators withfigures of merit that are 1-2 orders-of-magnitude better than what is possiblewith magneto-optics. This approach can be replicated in III-V platforms pavingthe way for high-performance lasers with co-integrated monolithic isolators.

Electro-optic non-reciprocal polarization rotation in lithium niobate