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We exploit both covert communication and friendly jamming to propose afriendly jamming-assisted covert communication and use it to doubly secure alarge-scale device-to-device (D2D) network against eavesdroppers (i.e.,wardens). The D2D transmitters defend against the wardens by: 1) hiding theirtransmissions with enhanced covert communication, and 2) leveraging friendlyjamming to ensure information secrecy even if the D2D transmissions aredetected. We model the combat between the wardens and the D2D network (thetransmitters and the friendly jammers) as a two-stage Stackelberg game.Therein, the wardens are the followers at the lower stage aiming to minimizetheir detection errors, and the D2D network is the leader at the upper stageaiming to maximize its utility (in terms of link reliability and communicationsecurity) subject to the constraint on communication covertness. We applystochastic geometry to model the network spatial configuration so as to conducta system-level study. We develop a bi-level optimization algorithm to searchfor the equilibrium of the proposed Stackelberg game based on the successiveconvex approximation (SCA) method and Rosenbrock method. Numerical resultsreveal interesting insights. We observe that without the assistance from thejammers, it is difficult to achieve covert communication on D2D transmission.Moreover, we illustrate the advantages of the proposed friendlyjamming-assisted covert communication by comparing it with theinformation-theoretical secrecy approach in terms of the secure communicationprobability and network utility.

Securing Large-Scale D2D Networks Using Covert Communication and Friendly Jamming