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Light plays the central role in many applications. The key to unlocking itsversatility lies in shaping it into the most appropriate form for the task athand. Specifically tailored refractive index modifications, directlymanufactured inside glass using a short pulsed laser, enable an almostarbitrary control of the light flow. However, the stringent requirements forquantitative knowledge of these modifications, as well as for fabricationprecision, have so far prevented the fabrication of light-efficient aperiodicphotonic volume elements (APVEs).  Here we present a powerful approach to the design and manufacturing oflight-efficient APVEs. We optimize application-specific 3D arrangements ofhundred thousands of microscopic voxels and manufacture them using femtoseconddirect laser writing inside millimeter-sized glass volumes. We experimentallyachieve unprecedented diffraction efficiencies up to 80%, which is enabled byprecise voxel characterization and adaptive optics during fabrication.  We demonstrate APVEs with various functionalities, including a spatial modeconverter and combined intensity shaping and wavelength-multiplexing. Ourelements can be freely designed and are efficient, compact and robust. Ourapproach is not limited to borosilicate glass, but is potentially extendable toother substrates, including birefringent and nonlinear materials, giving apreview of even broader functionalities including polarization modulation anddynamic elements.

Direct laser written aperiodic photonic volume elements for complex light shaping with high efficiency: inverse design and fabrication