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While noise is generally associated with uncertainties and often has anegative connotation in engineering, living organisms have evolved to adapt to(and even exploit) such uncertainty to ensure the survival of a species orimplement certain functions that would have been difficult or even impossibleotherwise. In this article, we review the role and impact of noise in systemsand synthetic biology, with a particular emphasis on its role in the geneticcontrol of biological systems, an area we refer to as Cybergenetics. The mainmodeling paradigm is that of stochastic reaction networks, whose applicabilitygoes beyond biology, as these networks can represent any population dynamicssystem, including ecological, epidemiological, and opinion dynamics networks.We review different ways to mathematically represent these systems, and wenotably argue that the concept of ergodicity presents a particularly suitableway to characterize their stability. We then discuss noise-induced propertiesand show that noise can be both an asset and a nuisance in this setting.Finally, we discuss recent results on (stochastic) Cybergenetics and exploretheir relationships to noise. Along the way, we detail the different technicaland biological constraints that need to be respected when designing syntheticbiological circuits. Finally, we discuss the concepts, problems, and solutionsexposed in the article; raise criticisms and concerns about current ideas andapproaches; suggest current (open) problems with potential solutions; andprovide some ideas for future research directions.

Noise in Biomolecular Systems: Modeling, Analysis, and Control Implications