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Favorable propagation (FP) for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)systems with uniform and non-uniform linear arrays is considered. A gap in theexisting FP studies of uniform linear arrays is identified, which is related tothe existence of grating lobes in the array pattern and which results in the FPcondition being violated, even under distinct angles of arrival. A novelanalysis and design of \textit{non-uniform} linear arrays are proposed tocancel grating lobes and to restore favorable propagation for \textit{all}distinct angles of arrival. This design is consistent with the popular hybridbeamforming paradigm and extends to multipath channels and arrays ofdirectional elements.

Structural Design of Non-Uniform Linear Arrays for Favorable Propagation in Massive MIMO