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Purpose: Conventional x-ray imaging and fluoroscopy have limitations inquantitation due to several challenges, including scatter, beam hardening, andoverlapping tissues. In this work, we propose single-shot quantitative imaging(SSQI) by combining the use of a primary modulator (PM) and dual-layer (DL)detector, which enables motion-free dual-energy (DE) imaging with scattercorrection in a single shot.  Methods: The SSQI algorithm allows simultaneous recovery of twomaterial-specific images and two scatter images using four sub-measurementsfrom the PM encoding. For validation, we set up SSQI on our tabletop system andimaged acrylic and copper slabs with known thicknesses, estimated scatter withour SSQI algorithm, and compared the material decomposition (MD) for differentcombinations of the two materials with ground truth. Second, we imaged ananthropomorphic chest phantom containing contrast in the coronary arteries andcompared the MD with and without SSQI. Lastly, to evaluate SSQI in dynamicapplications, we constructed a flow phantom that enabled dynamic imaging ofiodine contrast.  Results: The root mean squared error (RMSE) of SSQI estimation was 0.13 cmfor acrylic and 0.04 mm for copper. For the anthropomorphic phantom, direct MDresulted in incorrect interpretation of contrast and soft tissue, while SSQIsuccessfully distinguished them and reduced RMSE in material-specific images by38% to 92%. For the flow phantom, SSQI was able to perform accurate dynamicquantitative imaging, separating contrast from the background.  Conclusions: We demonstrated the potential of SSQI for robust quantitativex-ray imaging. The simplicity of SSQI may enable its widespread adoption,including radiography and dynamic imaging such as real-time image guidance andcone-beam CT.

Single-Shot Quantitative X-ray Imaging Using a Primary Modulator and Dual-Layer Detector