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Since its inception, velocity map imaging (VMI) has been a powerful tool formeasuring the 2D momentum distribution of photoelectrons generated by stronglaser fields. There has been continued interest in expanding it into 3Dmeasurements either through reconstructive or direct methods. Recently muchwork has been devoted to the latter of these, particularly by relating theelectron time-of-flight (TOF) to the third momentum component. The technicalchallenge here is having timing resolution sufficient to resolve structure inthe narrow (< 10 ns) electron TOF spread. Here we build upon work in the fieldsof VMI lens design and 3D VMI measurement by using a plano-convex thick-lensVMI in conjunction with an event-driven camera (TPX3CAM) providing TOFinformation for high resolution 3D electron momentum measurements. We performsimulations to show that, with the addition of a mesh electrode to thethick-lens VMI geometry, a plano-convex electrostatic field is formed whichextends the detectable electron cutoff energy range while retaining highresolution. Further, the thick-lens also extends the electron TOF range whichallows for better resolution of the momentum along this axis. We experimentallydemonstrate these capabilities by examining above-threshold ionization in Xenonwhere the apparatus is shown to collect electrons of energy up to $\sim$7 eVwith a TOF spread of $\sim$30 ns, both of which are improvements on previouswork by factors of $\sim$1.4 and $\sim$3.75 respectively. Finally, the PCTL-VMIis equipped with a coincident ion TOF spectrometer which is shown toeffectively extract unique 3D momentum distributions for different ionicspecies within a gas mixture. These techniques have potential to lendthemselves to more advanced measurements, particularly involving systems wherethe electron momentum distributions possess non-trivial symmetries and requirehigh resolution.

A plano-convex thick-lens velocity map imaging apparatus for direct,  high resolution 3D momentum measurements of photoelectrons with ion  time-of-flight coincidence