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Magnetic defects play an important, but poorly understood, role in magnetictopological insulators (TIs). For example, topological surface transport andbulk magnetic properties are controlled by magnetic defects inBi$_2$Se$_3$-based dilute ferromagnetic (FM) TIs and MnBi$_2$Te$_4$ (MBT)-basedantiferromagnetic (AFM) TIs. Despite its nascent ferromagnetism, our inelasticneutron scattering data show that a fraction of the Mn defects in Sb$_2$Te$_3$form strong AFM dimer singlets within a quintuple block. The AFM superexchangecoupling occurs via Mn-Te-Mn linear bonds and is identical to the AFM couplingbetween antisite defects and the FM Mn layer in MBT, establishing commoninteractions in the two materials classes. We also find that the FMcorrelations in (Sb$_{1-x}$Mn$_x$)$_2$Te$_3$ are likely driven by magneticdefects in adjacent quintuple blocks across the van der Waals gap. In additionto providing answers to long-standing questions about the evolution of FM orderin dilute TI, these results also show that the evolution of global magneticorder from AFM to FM in Sb-substituted MBT is controlled by defect engineeringof the intrablock and interblock coupling.

Role of Magnetic Defects and Defect-engineering of Magnetic Topological Insulators