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Prototypes of electromagnetic and hadronic imaging calorimeters developed andoperated by the CALICE collaboration provide an unprecedented wealth of highlygranular data of hadronic showers for a variety of active sensor elements anddifferent absorber materials. In this presentation, we discuss detailedmeasurements of the spatial and the time structure of hadronic showers tocharacterise the different stages of hadronic cascades in the calorimeters,which are then confronted with GEANT4-based simulations using differenthadronic physics models. These studies also extend to the two differentabsorber materials, steel and tungsten, used in the prototypes. The highgranularity of the detectors is exploited in the reconstruction of hadronicenergy, both in individual detectors and combined electromagnetic and hadronicsystems, making use of software compensation and semi-digital energyreconstruction. The results include new simulation studies that predict thereliable operation of granular calorimeters. Further we show how granularityand the application of multivariate analysis algorithms enable the separationof close-by particles. We will report on the performance of thesereconstruction techniques for different electromagnetic and hadroniccalorimeters, with silicon, scintillator and gaseous active elements. Granularcalorimeters are also an ideal testing ground for the application of machinelearning techniques. We will outline how these techniques are applied to CALICEdata and in the CALICE simulation framework.

Exploring the structure of hadronic showers and the hadronic energy reconstruction with highly granular calorimeters