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We numerically investigate the influence of flow development on secondaryflow patterns and subsequent wall shear stress distributions in a curved arterymodel, and we compute vascular metrics commonly used to assess variations inblood flow characteristics as it applies to arterial disease. We model a humanartery with a simple, rigid 180-degree curved tube with circular cross-sectionand constant curvature, neglecting effects of taper, torsion and elasticity.High-fidelity numerical results are computed from an in-house discontinuousspectral element flow solver. The flow rate used in this study isphysiological. We perform this study using a Newtonian blood-analog fluidsubjected to a pulsatile flow with two inflow conditions. The first flowcondition is fully developed while the second condition is undeveloped (i.e.uniform). We observe and discuss differences in secondary flow patterns thatemerge over the rapid acceleration and deceleration phases of the physiologicalwaveform, and we directly connect the variation in intensity of these secondaryflow patterns along the curvature to differences in the wall shear stressmetrics for each entrance condition. Results indicate that decreased axialvelocities under an undeveloped condition produce less intense secondary flowthat, in turn, reduces both the oscillatory and multidirectional nature of thewall shear stress vector, and we link this effect to abnormalities in computedstress metrics. These results suggest potentially lower prevalence of diseasein curvatures where entrance flow is rather undeveloped-a physiologicallyrelevant result to further understand the influence of blood flow developmenton disease.

The influence of physiological flow development on popular wall shear stress metrics in an idealized curved artery