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With the current trend towards low Earth orbit mega-constellations withinter-satellite links, efficient routing in such highly dynamic space-bornenetworks is becoming increasingly important. Due to the distinct networktopology, specifically tailored solutions are required. Firstly, the relativemovement of the constellation causes frequent handover events between thesatellites and the terminals on ground. Furthermore, unevenly distributedtraffic demands lead to geographical hot spots. The physical size of thenetwork also implies significant propagation delays. Therefore, monitoring thedynamic topology changes and link loads on a network-wide basis for routingpurposes is typically impractical with massive signaling overhead. To addressthese issues, we propose a distributed load-balanced routing scheme based onSoftware Defined Networking. The approach divides the large-scale network intosub-sections, called clusters. In order to minimize signaling overhead, packetsare forwarded between these clusters according to geographical heuristics.Within each cluster active Quality of Service-aware load-balancing is applied.The responsible on-board network controller forwards routing instructions basedon the network state information in its cluster. We also analyze specificdesign choices for the clusters and the interfaces between them. The protocolhas been implemented in a system-level simulator and compared to asource-routed benchmark solution.

Distributed SDN-based Load-balanced Routing for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellation Networks