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Asymmetric heat transfer systems, often referred to as thermal diodes orthermal rectifiers, have garnered increasing interest due to their wide rangeof application possibilities. Most of those previous macroscopic thermal diodeseither resort to nonlinear thermal conductivities with strong temperaturedependence that may be quite limited by or fixed in natural materials or relyon active modulation that necessitated auxiliary energy payloads. Here, weestablish a straightforward strategy of passively realizing asymmetric heattransfer with linear conductive materials. The strategy also introduces a newinterrogative perspective on the design of asymmetric heat transfer utilizingnonlinear thermal conductivity, correcting the misconception that thermalrectification is impossible with separable nonlinear thermal conductivity. Thenonlinear perturbation mode can be versatilely engineered to produce aneffective and wide-ranging perturbation in the heat conduction, which imitatesand bypasses intrinsic thermal nonlinearity constraints set by naturallyoccurring counterparts. Independent experimental characterizations of surfacethermal radiation and thermal convection verified that the heat exchangebetween a graded linear thermal metamaterial and the ambient can be tailored toachieve macroscopic asymmetric heat transfer. Our work is envisaged to inspireconceptual models for heat transfer control, serving as a robust and convenientplatform for advanced thermal management, thermal computation, and heattransport.

Asymmetric Heat Transfer with Linear Conductive Metamaterials