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There is a need for computational models capable of predictingmeltwater-assisted crevasse growth in glacial ice. Mass loss from glaciers andice sheets is the largest contributor to sea-level rise and iceberg calving dueto hydrofracture is one of the most prominent yet less understood glacial massloss processes. To overcome the limitations of empirical and analyticalapproaches, we here propose a new phase field-based computational framework tosimulate crevasse growth in both grounded ice sheets and floating ice shelves.The model incorporates the three elements needed to mechanistically simulatehydrofracture of surface and basal crevasses: (i) a constitutive descriptionincorporating the non-linear viscous rheology of ice, (ii) a phase fieldformulation capable of capturing cracking phenomena of arbitrary complexity,such as 3D crevasse interaction, and (iii) a poro-damage representation toaccount for the role of meltwater pressure on crevasse growth. A stress-basedphase field model is adopted to reduce the length-scale sensitivity, as neededto tackle the large scales of iceberg calving, and to adequately predictcrevasse growth in tensile stress regions of incompressible solids. Thepotential of the computational framework presented is demonstrated byaddressing a number of 2D and 3D case studies, involving single and multiplecrevasses, and considering both grounded and floating conditions. Thecomputational framework presented opens new horizons in the modelling oficeberg calving and, due to its ability to incorporate incompressiblebehaviour, can be readily incorporated into numerical ice sheet models forprojecting sea-level rise.

A stress-based poro-damage phase field model for hydrofracturing of creeping glaciers and ice shelves