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This paper proposes a comprehensive model for different Coordination Schemes(CSs) for Transmission (TSO) and Distribution System Operators (DSO) in thecontext of distributed flexibility procurement for balancing and congestionmanagement. The model proposed focuses on the coordination between the EHV(TSO) and the HV (DSO) levels, exploring the meshed-to-meshed topology,including multiple TSO-DSO interface substations. The model is then applied toa realistic case study in which the Swedish power system is modeled for oneyear, considering a representation of the transmission grid together with thesubtransmission grid of Uppsala city. The base case scenario is then subject todifferent scalability and replication scenarios. The paper corroborates thefinding that the Common CS leads to the least overall cost of flexibilityprocurement. Moreover, it shows the effectiveness of the Local FlexibilityMarket (LFM) for the DSO in the Swedish context in reducing potential penaltiesin a Multi-level CS.

TSO-DSO Coordination for the Procurement of Balancing and Congestion Management Services: Assessment of a meshed-to-meshed topology