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Acoustic mixing of droplets is a promising way to implement biosensors thatcombine high speed and minimal reagent consumption. To date, this type ofdroplet mixing is driven by a volume force resulting from the absorption ofhigh-frequency acoustic waves in the bulk of the fluid. Here, we show that thespeed of these sensors is limited by the slow advection of analyte to thesensor surface due to the formation of a hydrodynamic boundary layer. Weeliminate this hydrodynamic boundary layer by using much lower ultrasonicfrequencies to excite the droplet, which drives a Rayleigh streaming thatbehaves essentially like a slip velocity. Three-dimensional simulations showthat this provides a threefold speedup compared to Eckart streaming.Experimentally, we shorten a SARS-CoV-2 antibody immunoassay from 20 min to 40s.

Skipping the boundary layer: high-speed droplet-based immunoassay using Rayleigh acoustic streaming