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We show, based on a theoretical model, how inertia plays a pivotal role inthe survival dynamics of a prey swarm while chased by a predator. With thevarying mass of the prey and predator, diverse escape patterns emerge, such ascircling, chasing, maneuvering, dividing into subgroups, and merging into aunitary group, similar to the escape trajectories observed in nature. Moreover,we find a transition from non-survival to survival of the prey swarm withincreasing predator mass. The transition regime is also sensitive to thevariation in prey mass. Further, the analysis of the prey group survival as afunction of predator-to-prey mass ratio unveils the existence of three distinctregimes: (i) frequent chase and capture leading to the non-survival of the preyswarm, (ii) an intermediate regime where competition between pursuit andcapture occurs, resembling an arms race, and (iii) the survival regime withoutthe capture of prey. Interestingly, our study demonstrates the existence of afavourable predator-prey mass ratio for efficient predation, which corroborateswith the field studies.

Effect of inertia on the evasion and pursuit dynamics of prey swarms and the emergence of an optimal mass ratio for the predator-prey arms race