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Laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) between satellites in a free-spaceoptical satellite network (FSOSN) can be divided into two classes: permanentLISLs (PLs) and temporary LISLs (TLs). TLs are not desirable in next-generationFSOSNs (NG-FSOSNs) due to high LISL setup time, but they may become feasible innext-next-generation FSOSNs (NNG-FSOSNs). Using the satellite constellation forPhase I of Starlink, we study the impact of TLs on network latency in anNG-FSOSN (which has only PLs) versus an NNG-FSOSN (which has PLs and TLs) underdifferent long-distance inter-continental data communications scenarios,including Sydney-Sao Paulo, Toronto-Istanbul, Madrid-Tokyo, and NewYork-Jakarta, and different LISL ranges for satellites, including 659.5 km,1,319 km, 1,500 km, 1,700 km, 2,500 km, 3,500 km, and 5,016 km. It is observedfrom the results that TLs provide higher satellite connectivity and therebyhigher network connectivity, and they lead to lower average network latency forthe NNG-FSOSN compared to the NG-FSOSN in all scenarios at all LISL ranges. Incomparison with the NG-FSOSN, the improvement in latency with the NNG-FSOSN issignificant at LISL ranges of 1,500 km, 1,700 km, and 2,500 km, where theimprovement is 16.83 ms, 23.43 ms, and 18.20 ms, respectively, for theSydney-Sao Paulo inter-continental connection. For the Toronto-Istanbul,Madrid-Tokyo, and New York-Jakarta inter-continental connections, theimprovement is 14.58 ms, 23.35 ms, and 23.52 ms, respectively, at the 1,700 kmLISL range.

Temporary Laser Inter-Satellite Links in Free-Space Optical Satellite Networks