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There has been substantial commentary on the role of cyberattacks carried bylow-level cybercrime actors in the Russia-Ukraine conflict. We analyse 358k webdefacement attacks, 1.7M reflected DDoS attacks, 1764 Hack Forums postsmentioning the two countries, and 441 announcements (with 58k replies) of avolunteer hacking group for two months before and four months after theinvasion. We find the conflict briefly but notably caught the attention oflow-level cybercrime actors, with significant increases in online discussionand both types of attack targeting Russia and Ukraine. However, there waslittle evidence of high-profile actions; the role of these players in theongoing hybrid warfare is minor, and they should be separated from persistentand motivated 'hacktivists' in state-sponsored operations. Their involvement inthe conflict appears to have been short-lived and fleeting, with a clear lossof interest in discussing the situation and carrying out both defacement andDDoS attacks against either Russia or Ukraine after a few weeks.

Getting Bored of Cyberwar: Exploring the Role of Low-level Cybercrime Actors in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict