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In this paper, we describe Apollo, to the best of our knowledge, the world'sfirst large-scale production deployment of optical circuit switches (OCSes) fordatacenter networking. We will first describe the infrastructure challenges anduse cases that motivated optical switching inside datacenters. We then delveinto the requirements of OCSes for datacenter applications: balancing cost,port count, switching time, and optical performance, which drive design choicesand implementation details of our internally developed 3D MEMS-based OCS. Toenable the Apollo optical switching layer, we employ circulators to realizebidirectional links through the OCS, effectively doubling the OCS radix. TheOCS and circulator design choices were critical for meeting network bandwidth,scale, and cost targets. We review the critical co-design of WDM transceivertechnology for these OCS plus circulator-based bidirectional links and theircorresponding physical impairments, delivered over four generations/speeds ofoptical interconnect. Finally, we conclude with thoughts on future directionsin hardware development and associated applications.

Mission Apollo: Landing Optical Circuit Switching at Datacenter Scale