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We report on experimentally measured drag force experienced by a solidcylinder penetrating a granular bed of glass beads including, specifically, ahighly polydisperse sample with grain sizes in the range 1-100 {\mu}m. Weconsider both cases of lateral and axial intrusion in which the long axis ofthe cylinder is held horizontally and vertically, respectively. We exploredifferent regimes of behavior for the drag force as a function of thepenetration depth. In lateral intrusion, where the motion is effectivelyquasi-two-dimensional, we establish quantitative comparisons with existingtheoretical predictions across the whole range of depths. In axial intrusion,we observe peculiar undulations in the force-depth profiles in a wide range ofintrusion speeds and for different cylinder diameters. We argue that theseundulations reflect general shear failure in the highly polydisperse sample andcan be understood based on the ultimate bearing capacity theory on asemiquantitative level.

Drag force on cylindrical intruders in granular media: Experimental study of lateral vs axial intrusion and high grain-polydispersity effects