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I establish the dynamical core--corona initialization framework (DCCI2) as astate-of-the-art dynamical framework that is capable of describing small andlarge colliding systems at the LHC energies. Under the core--corona picture,contributions from both equilibrated (core) and non-equilibrated (corona)components are implemented. I describe the dynamical separation of the systeminto the core and corona at the initial stage by incorporating the core--coronapicture into the novel dynamical initialization framework. With DCCI2, Isimulate $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7, 13$ TeV and $Pb$+$Pb$ collisions at$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV. Especially, I extract the fractions of coreand corona components in final hadron yields in $p$+$p$ and $Pb$+$Pb$collisions as functions of multiplicity, and reveal that the core componentsbecome dominant at $\langle dN_{\mathrm{ch}}/d\eta \rangle_{|\eta|<0.5} \approx20$. I also find that the corona contribution at very low $p_T$ (below$p_T\approx1$ GeV) is non-negligible even in $Pb$+$Pb$ collisions and show thatsuch contributions significantly affect $p_T$-integrated flow coefficients.These results strongly suggest the importance of considering non-equilibratedcomponents to extract transport coefficients of quark-gluon plasma frommodel-to-data comparisons quantitatively.

Unified description of high-energy nuclear collisions based on dynamical core--corona picture