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This paper presents a consolidated grid impact analysis design andcorresponding mitigation strategies for heavy-duty electric vehicle (EV)charging stations. The charging load of heavy-duty charging station can reachseveral megawatts, which could induce adverse impacts on the distribution gridif not effectively mitigated. To analyze the impacts and provide correspondingsolutions, we select four representative distribution systems - including bothsingle-feeder cases and a multi-feeder case - and design thorough test metricsfor the impact analysis. The charging load profiles used in the analysis arederived from realistic conventional heavy-duty vehicle travel data. Based onthe analysis results, charging stations are placed at three differentrepresentative locations in each distribution system: best, good, and worstlocations. Mitigation strategies using a combination of smart chargerfunctionality, on-site photovoltaic (PV) generation, and on-site energy storage(ES) are proposed and tested. A sizing method is also proposed to find theoptimal PV-ES-charger capacity that minimizes the capital cost.

Grid Impact Analysis and Mitigation of En-Route Charging Stations for Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles