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Blockchain systems based on a reusable resource, such as proof-of-stake(PoS), provide weaker security guarantees than those based on proof-of-work.Specifically, they are vulnerable to long-range attacks, where an adversary cancorrupt prior participants in order to rewrite the full history of the chain.To prevent this attack on a PoS chain, we propose a protocol that checkpointsthe state of the PoS chain to a proof-of-work blockchain such as Bitcoin. Ourcheckpointing protocol hence does not rely on any central authority. Our workuses Schnorr signatures and leverages Bitcoin recent Taproot upgrade, allowingus to create a checkpointing transaction of constant size. We argue for thesecurity of our protocol and present an open-source implementation that wastested on the Bitcoin testnet.

Pikachu: Securing PoS Blockchains from Long-Range Attacks by Checkpointing into Bitcoin PoW using Taproot