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Empirical studies on formal methods and tools are rare. In this paper, weprovide guidelines for such studies. We mention their main ingredients and thendefine nine different study strategies (laboratory experiments with softwareand human subjects, usability testing, surveys, qualitative studies, judgmentstudies, case studies, systematic literature reviews, and systematic mappingstudies) and discuss for each of them their crucial characteristics, thedifficulties of applying them to formal methods and tools, typical threats tovalidity, their maturity in formal methods, pointers to external guidelines,and pointers to studies in other fields. We conclude with a number ofchallenges for empirical formal methods.

Empirical Formal Methods: Guidelines for Performing Empirical Studies on Formal Methods