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Agrivoltaic systems are becoming more popular as a critical technology forattaining several sustainable development goals such as affordable and cleanenergy, zero hunger, clean water and sanitation, and climate action. However,understanding the shading effects on crops is fundamental to choosing anoptimal agrivoltaic system as a wrong choice could lead to severe cropreductions. In this study, fixed vertical, one-axis tracking, and two-axistracking photovoltaic arrays for agrivoltaic applications are developed toanalyse the shading conditions on the ground used for crop production. Themodels have shown remarkably similar accuracy compared to commercial softwaresuch as PVsyst and SketchUp. The developed models will help reduce the cropyield uncertainty under agrivoltaic systems by providing accuratephotosynthetically active radiation distribution at the crop level. Thedistribution was further analysed using a light homogeneity index andcalculating the yearly photosynthetically active radiation reduction. Thehomogeneity and photosynthetically active radiation reduction variedsignificantly depending on the agrivoltaic system design, from 91% to 95% and11% to 34%, respectively. To identify the most suitable agrivoltaic systemlayout dependent on crop and geographical location, it is of fundamentalimportance to study the effect of shadings with distribution analysis.

Direct and diffuse shading factors modelling for the most representative agrivoltaic system layouts