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Materials exposed to ultrashort intense x-ray irradiation may experiencevarious damaging conditions depending on the in-situ temperature. A pre-heatedtarget exposed to intense x-rays plays a crucial role in numerous systems ofphysical-technical importance, ranging from the heavily-, and repeatedlyradiation-loaded optics at x-ray free-electron laser facilities, to the firstwall of prospective inertial fusion reactors. We study theoretically the damagethreshold dependence on the temperature in different classes of materials: aninsulator (diamond), a semiconductor (silicon), a metal (tungsten), and anorganic polymer (PMMA). The numerical techniques used here enable us to tracethe evolution of both, an electronic state and atomic dynamics of thematerials. It includes damage mechanisms such as thermal damage (induced by anincrease of the atomic temperature due to energy transfer from x-ray-excitedelectrons) and nonthermal phase transitions (induced by changes in theinteratomic potential due to excitation of electrons). We demonstrate that inthe pre-heated materials, typically, the thermal damage threshold stays thesame or lowers with the increase of the in-situ temperature, whereas nonthermaldamage thresholds may be lowered or raised, depending on the particularmaterial and specifics of the damage kinetics.

Damage threshold in pre-heated materials exposed to intense X-rays