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Data recovery has long been a focus of the electronics industry for decadesby security experts, focusing on hard disk recovery, a type of non-volatilememory. Unfortunately, none of the existing research, neither from academia,industry, or government, have ever considered data recovery from volatilememories. The data is lost when it is powered off, by definition. To the bestof our knowledge, we are the first to present an approach to recovering datafrom a static random access memory. It is conventional wisdom that SRAM losesits contents whenever it turns off, and it is not required to protect sensitiveinformation, e.g., the firmware code, secret encryption keys, etc., when anSRAM-based computing system retires. Unfortunately, the recycling of integratedcircuits poses a severe threat to the protection of intellectual properties. Inthis paper, we present a novel concept to retrieve SRAM data as aging leads toa power-up state with an imprint of the stored values. We show that ourproposed approaches can partially recover the previously used SRAM content. Theaccuracy of the recovered data can be further increased by incorporatingmultiple SRAM chips compared to a single one. It is impossible to retrieve theprior content of some stable SRAM cells, where aging shifts these cells towardsstability. As the locations of these cells vary from chip to chip due touncontrollable process variation, the same cell has a higher chance of beingunstable or stable against aging in any of the chips, which helps us recoverthe content. Finally, majority voting is used to combine a set of SRAM chips'data to recover the stored data. We present our experimental result usingcommercial off-the-shelf SRAMs with stored binary image data before performingaccelerated aging. We demonstrate the successful partial retrieval on SRAMsthat are aged with as little as 4 hours of accelerated aging with 85C.

Beware of Discarding Used SRAMs: Information is Stored Permanently