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We study the numerical errors of large-eddy simulation (LES) in isotropic andwall-bounded turbulence. A direct-numerical-simulation (DNS)-aided LESformulation, where the subgrid-scale (SGS) term of the LES is computed by usingfiltered DNS data is introduced. We first verify that this formulation has zeroerror in the absence of commutation error between the filter and thedifferentiation operator of the numerical algorithm. This method allows theevaluation of the time evolution of numerical errors for various numericalschemes at grid resolutions relevant to LES. The analysis shows that thenumerical errors are of the same order of magnitude as the modeling errors andoften cancel each other. This supports the idea that supervised machinelearning algorithms trained on filtered DNS data might not be suitable forrobust SGS model development, as this approach disregards the existence ofnumerical errors in the system that accumulates over time. The assessment oferrors in turbulent channel flow also identifies that numerical errors close tothe wall dominate, which has implications for the development of wall models.

Numerical and modeling error assessment of large-eddy simulation using direct-numerical-simulation-aided large-eddy simulation