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Motivation. Digital commons is an emerging phenomenon and of increasingimportance, as we enter a digital society. Open data is one example that makesup a pivotal input and foundation for many of today's digital services andapplications. Ensuring sustainable provisioning and maintenance of the data,therefore, becomes even more important. Aim. We aim to investigate how suchprovisioning and maintenance can be collaboratively performed in the communitysurrounding a common. Specifically, we look at Open Data Ecosystems (ODEs), atype of community of actors, openly sharing and evolving data on atechnological platform. Method. We use Elinor Ostrom's design principles forCommon Pool Resources as a lens to systematically analyze the governance ofearlier reported cases of ODEs using a theory-oriented software engineeringframework. Results. We find that, while natural commons must regulateconsumption, digital commons such as open data maintained by an ODE muststimulate both use and data provisioning. Governance needs to enable suchstimulus while also ensuring that the collective action can still becoordinated and managed within the frame of available maintenance resources ofa community. Subtractability is, in this sense, a concern regarding theresources required to maintain the quality and value of the data, rather thanthe availability of data. Further, we derive empirically-based recommendedpractices for ODEs based on the design principles by Ostrom for how to design agovernance structure in a way that enables a sustainable and collaborativeprovisioning and maintenance of the data. Conclusion. ODEs are expected to playa role in data provisioning which democratize the digital society and enablesinnovation from smaller commercial actors. Our empirically based guidelinesintend to support this development.

Sustaining Open Data as a Digital Common -- Design principles for Common Pool Resources applied to Open Data Ecosystems