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Elevation has long been the standard for quantifying the relief of mountainsand other landforms on Earth and beyond. Nevertheless, elevation has itslimitations. By itself, a location's elevation reveals little about itsvertical position relative to its surroundings, especially for seabed andextraterrestrial features. Furthermore, on planets and asteroids without a sealevel, the zero-elevation datum is defined rather arbitrarily, making elevationvalues rather meaningless without also considering relative elevationdifferences. In light of these factors, this paper introduces new topographicmeasures based purely on gravity and the actual planetary surface, rather thanon an arbitrary datum. Unlike elevation, the so-called datumless measures --with the names of dominance, jut, submission, and rut -- each describe adifferent aspect about a location's vertical position relative to itssurroundings. They can be used to objectively compare the relief of mountainsand other landforms, including across different planets. The datumless measuresmay be of interest to planetary scientists seeking universally standardizedmeasures of relief, Earth scientists seeking to correlate geomorphologicalproperties with natural phenomena, as well as mountaineers and hobbyistsseeking new ways to describe the wondrous landscapes of this universe.

Beyond Elevation: New Metrics to Quantify the Relief of Mountains and Surfaces of Any Terrestrial Body