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It is found that if the inert conductor P has a larger electron work function$\phi$ and surface state function G than the inert conductor N, the inertconductor P and the inert conductor N are isolated by a separator and thenimmersed in the solution S (abbreviation: inertconductorP$\mid$solutionS$\mid$inert conductorN, or as P$\mid$S$\mid$N).Excluding the electrochemical reaction and thermoelectric effect ofP$\mid$S$\mid$N, etc., it is measured that the voltage between the twoconductors after the open circuit continues to increase to a certain stablemaximum value. Then, the current after the closed-circuit continues to decreaseto a certain stable minimum value. Analysis of the structure and properties ofP$\mid$S$\mid$N shows that the inert conductor/solution interface relies onphysical adsorption to construct van der Waals heterojunctions and that two vander Waals heterojunctions of different potentials form a P-N junction forP$\mid$S$\mid$N. The inert conductors P and N have different potentials. Thiselectric field energy is expressed in the outer circuit when the circuit isopen, due to the joint action of the electron work function $\phi$ and thesurface state function G, P$\mid$S$\mid$N generates a larger built-in electricfield and obtains a larger voltage. When the circuit is closed, P$\mid$S$\mid$Nonly has the effect of the surface state function G, which produces a smallerbuilt-in electric field, results in a smaller voltage and current. ThisThermoelectric conversion phenomenon is called the thermovoltaic effect.

Thermovoltaic Effects of van der Waals Heterojunctions based on Inert Conductor/Solution Interfaces