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A variable-phase-shifter (VPS) architecture with hybrid precoding for mixtureuse of phase shifters and switches, is proposed for millimeter wave massivemultiple-input multiple-output communications. For the VPS architecture, ahybrid precoding design (HPD) scheme, called VPS-HPD, is proposed to optimizethe phases according to the channel state information by alternately optimizingthe analog precoder and digital precoder. To reduce the computationalcomplexity of the VPS-HPD scheme, a low-complexity HPD scheme for the VPSarchitecture (VPS-LC-HPD) including alternating optimization in three stages isthen proposed, where each stage has a closed-form solution and can beefficiently implemented. To reduce the hardware complexity introduced by thelarge number of switches, we consider a group-connected VPS architecture andpropose a HPD scheme, where the HPD problem is divided into multipleindependent subproblems with each subproblem flexibly solved by the VPS-HPD orVPS-LC-HPD scheme. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposeschemes and show that the proposed schemes can achieve satisfactory spectralefficiency performance with reduced computational complexity or hardwarecomplexity.

Hybrid Precoding for Mixture Use of Phase Shifters and Switches in mmWave Massive MIMO