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There have been no significant breakthroughs in infrared imagery since thehybridization of III-V or II-VI narrow-bandgap semiconductors on complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) read-out integrated circuits (ROICs). Thedevelopment of third-generation, linear-mode avalanche photodiode arrays(LmAPDs) using mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) has resulted in a significantsensitivity improvement for short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging. The firstdedicated LmAPD device, called SAPHIRA (320x256/24 microns), was designed byLeonardo UK Ltd specifically for SWIR astronomical applications. In the pastdecade there has been a significant development effort to make larger LmAPDarrays for low-background astronomy. Larger LmAPD formats for ultra-lownoise/flux SWIR imaging, currently under development at Leonardo include a 512x 512 LmAPD array funded by ESO, MPE and NRC Herzberg, a 1k x 1k array fundedby NASA and a 2K x 2K device funded by ESA for general scientific imagingapplications. The 2048x2048 pixel ROIC has a pitch of 15 microns, 4/8/16outputs and a maximum frame rate of 10 Hz. The ROIC characterization isscheduled in the third quarter of 2022, while the first arrays will befabricated by end-2022. The hybridized arrays will be characterized duringend-2022. At this time, First Light Imaging will start the development of anautonomous camera integrating this 2Kx2K LmAPD array, based on the uniqueexperience from the C-RED One camera, the only commercial camera integratingthe SAPHIRA SWIR LmAPD array.The detector will be embedded in a compact highvacuum cryostat cooled with low vibration pulse at 50-80K which does notrequire external pumping. Sub-electron readout noise is expected to be achievedwith high multiplication gain. Custom cold filters and beam aperture coldbaffling will be integrated in the camera.

Sub-electron noise infrared camera development using Leonardo large format 2Kx2K SWIR LmAPD array