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Qubit mapping is essential to quantum computing's fidelity and quantumcomputers' resource utilization. Yet, the existing qubit mapping schemes meetsome challenges (e.g., crosstalk, SWAP overheads, diverse device topologies,etc.), leading to qubit resource under-utilization, high error rate, and lowfidelity in computing results. This paper presents QuCloud+, a new qubitmapping scheme capable of handling these challenges. QuCloud+ has several newdesigns. (1) QuCloud+ enables multi-programming quantum computing on quantumchips with 2D/3D topology. (2) It partitions physical qubits for concurrentquantum programs with the crosstalk-aware community detection technique andfurther allocates qubits according to qubit degree, improving fidelity andresource utilization. (3) QuCloud+ includes an X-SWAP mechanism that avoidsSWAPs with high crosstalk errors and enables inter-program SWAPs to reduce theSWAP overheads. (4) QuCloud+ schedules concurrent quantum programs to be mappedand executed based on estimated fidelity for the best practice. QuCloud+outperforms the previous multi-programming work on various devices by 6.84% onfidelity and saves 40.9% additional gates required during mapping transition.

QuCloud+: A Holistic Qubit Mapping Scheme for Single/Multi-programming on 2D/3D NISQ Quantum Computers