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Flow topology optimization (ToOpt) based on Darcy's source term is widelyused in the field of ToOpt. It has a high degree of freedom and requires noinitial configuration, making it suitable for conceptual aerodynamic design.Two problems of ToOpt are addressed in this paper to apply the ToOpt method tohigh-Reynolds-number turbulent flow. First, the relationship between theminimum magnitude of Darcy's source term needed to model the solid and thecharacteristic variables of the flow (freestream velocity, length scale andfluid viscosity) at high Reynolds numbers is quantitively studied. A strategyfor setting Darcy's source term is then proposed. Second, the modified Launder- Sharma k-e (LSKE) model with modification terms related to Darcy's source isdeveloped. The ToOpt of a low-drag profile in turbulent flow is studied usingthe new model. The model is validated to reflect the influence of solids onturbulence even at Reynolds numbers as high as one million. Finally, awall-distance computation method that can recognize the solid modeled byDarcy's source term is developed and integrated into the modified shear stresstransport (SST) turbulence model. The ToOpt of a rotor-like geometry, which isof great importance in aerodynamic design, is conducted using the modified SSTmodel, proving the model's ability to handle the ToOpt of turbomachinery.

Flow Topology Optimization at High Reynolds Numbers Based on Modified Turbulence Models