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Morphogenesis in the central nervous system has received intensive attentionas elucidating fundamental mechanisms of morphogenesis will shed light on thephysiology and pathophysiology of the developing central nervous system.Morphogenesis of the central nervous system is of a vast topic that includesimportant morphogenetic events such as neurulation and cortical folding. Herewe review three types of methods used to improve our understanding ofmorphogenesis of the central nervous system: in vivo experiments, organoids (invitro), and computational models (in silico). The in vivo experiments are usedto explore cellular- and tissue-level mechanics and interpret them on the rolesof neurulation morphogenesis. Recent advances in human brain organoids haveprovided new opportunities to study morphogenesis and neurogenesis tocompensate for the limitations of in vivo experiments, as organoid models areable to recapitulate some critical neural morphogenetic processes during earlyhuman brain development. Due to the complexity and costs of in vivo and invitro studies, a variety of computational models have been developed and usedto explain the formation and morphogenesis of brain structures. We review anddiscuss the Pros and Cons of these methods and their usage in the studies onmorphogenesis of the central nervous system. Notably, none of these methodsalone is sufficient to unveil the biophysical mechanisms of morphogenesis, thuscalling for the interdisciplinary approaches using a combination of thesemethods in order to test hypotheses and generate new insights on both normaland abnormal development of the central nervous system.

Mechanics of Morphogenesis in Neural Development: in vivo, in vitro, and in silico