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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has recently emerged as a promisingtechnology enabling next-generation wireless networks. In this letter, wedevelop an improved index modulation (IM) scheme by utilizing RIS to conveyinformation. Specifically, we study an RIS-aided multiple-input single-output(MISO) system, in which the information bits are conveyed by reflectionpatterns of RIS rather than the conventional amplitude-phase constellation.Furthermore, the K-means algorithm is employed to optimize the reflectionconstellation to improve the error performance. Also, we propose a generalizedGray coding method for mapping information bits to an appropriate reflectionconstellation and analytically evaluate the error performance of the proposedscheme by deriving a tight upper bound of the average bit error rate (BER).Finally, numerical results verify the accuracy of our theoretical analysis aswell as the substantially improved BER performance of the proposed RIS-based IMtransmission scheme.

K-Means Based Constellation Optimization for Index Modulated Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces